According to the AviList checklist v2025 (link), the taxon comprises 185 species in 34 genera and six families.
Genus-level timetree of extant Coraciiformes based on McCullough et al. (2019) and Kuhl et al. (2021). The distribution of each taxon is indicated by the colour-code used throughout this website (Distribution code). Dated phylogenies are additionally available for Momotidae (Witt, 2004) Alcedinidae (Andersen et al., 2018), and Coraciiformes (Prum et al., 2015). Family-level divergence times have been adopted from Stiller et al. (2024): (Merops + (Brachypteracias + Eurystomus)) + (Todus + (Baryphthengus + (Ceyx + (Chloroceryle + Halcyon). [Chronoclassification would split both Alcedinidae and Meropidae into at least two families.]
Traditional genus-level classification of extant Coraciiformes,
following AviList checklist v2025. (link) The number of subspecies is given in
parentheses.
References
Andersen MJ, McCullough JM, Mauck WM, Smith BT, and Moyle RG (2018), A phylogeny of kingfishers reveals an Indomalayan origin and elevated rates of diversification on oceanic islands, J. Biogeogr. 45, 269-281. (abstract)
Eliason CM, Mellenthin LE, Hains T, McCullough JM, Pirro S, Andersen MJ, and Hackett SJ (2023), Genomic signatures of convergent shifts to plunge-diving behavior in birds, Commun. Biol. 6, e:1011. (free pdf)
Johansson US, Irestedt M, Qu Y, and Ericson PGP (2018), Phylogenetic relationships of rollers (Coraciidae) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and fifteen nuclear genes, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 126, 17-22. (abstract)
Johansson US, Irestedt M, and Ericson PGP (2023), Patterns of phylogenetic diversification in the Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis) and Azure Roller (Eurystomus azureus) complex, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 189, e:107909. (free reading)
Kuhl H, Frankl-Vilches C, Bakker A, Mayr G, Nikolaus G, Boerno ST, Klages S, Timmermann B, and Gahr M (2021), An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life, Mol. Biol. Evol. 38, 108-127. (free pdf)
Marks BD, Weckstein JD, and Moyle RG (2007), Molecular phylogenetics of the bee-eaters (Aves: Meropidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45, 23-32. (abstract)
McCullough JM, Moyle RG, Smith BT, and Andersen MJ (2019), A Laurasian origin for a pantropical bird radiation is supported by genomic and fossil data (Aves: Coraciiformes), Proc. R. Soc. B 286: e:20190122. (pdf)
McCullough JM, Eliason CM, Hackett SJ, Myers CE, and Andersen MJ (2026), Phylogenomics of a genus of “great speciators“ reveals rampant incomplete lineage sorting, gene flow, and mitochondrial discordance in island systems, Syst. Biol. 75, 406-426. (abstract)
Mwale M, Dalton DL, Kropff AS, Labuschagne K, Russo IS, and Osinubi ST (2022), Genetic and morphological variation of Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis reveals cryptic mitochondrial lineages and patterns of mitochondrial-nuclear discordance, Ostrich 93, 192-207. (abstract)
Prum RO, Berv JS, Dornburg A, Field DJ, Townsend JP, Lemmon EM, and Lemmon AR (2015), A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing, Nature 526, 569-573. (abstract)
Stiller J, Feng S, Chowdhury AA, Rivas-González I, Duchêne DA, Fang Q, Deng Y, Kozlov A, Stamatakis A, Claramunt S, Nguyen JMT, Ho SYW, Faircloth BC, Haag J, Houde P, Cracraft J, Balaban M, Mai U, Chen G, Gao R, Zhou C, Xie Y, Huang Z, Cao Z, Yan Z, Ogilvie HA, Nakhleh L, Lindow B, Morel B, Fjeldså J, Hosner PA, da Fonseca RR, Petersen B, Tobias JA, Székely T, Kennedy JD, Reeve AH, Liker A, Stervander M, Antunes A, Tietze DT, Bertelsen M, Lei F, Rahbek C, Graves GR, Schierup MH, Warnow T, Braun EL, Gilbert MTP, Jarvis ED, Mirarab S, and Zhang G (2024), Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes, Nature 629, 851-860. (pdf)
Tamashiro RA, White ND, Braun MJ, Faircloth BC, Braun EL, and Kimball RE (2019), What are the roles of taxon sampling and model fit in tests of cyto-nuclear discordance using avian mitogenomic data?, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 130, 132-142. (abstract)
Witt CC (2004), Rates of molecular evolution and their application to Neotropical avian biogeography, Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University. (pdf)
